Duck compound probiotics fermented diet alters the growth performance by shaping the gut morphology, microbiota and metabolism.

Dietary absorption and digestion are influenced by the microbiota, morphology, and digestive enzymes of intestines, and fermentation is a popular and effective technique to enhance animal rearing growth performance. This study aims to explore the pivotal role of Muscovy duck probiotics fermented feedstuff (FF) in altering the growth performance by reshaping gut morphology, microorganisms and metabolism. The findings showed that FF considerably raised the levels of fatty acids (FA) and small peptides (7-19AA) in the diet. Further feeding trial data reveals that FF greatly increased the Muscovy duck average daily gain (ADG) but had no effect on their daily feed intake (DFI), and the FCR significantly dropped (P < 0.05). Additionally, it was evident that FF improved the integrity of the intestinal mucosa in Muscovy duck by increasing villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and lowering crypt depth. Then, in comparison to the control group (NC), there was a significant increase in the gene expression of the mucosal tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin-1, and Zo-1 in the intestine of Muscovy duck. Additionally, there was higher expression of the mucosal transport channels SGLT-1, PepT1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP10 in the similarly colon site, jejunum, and duodenum. Furthermore, in AB-PAS/PAS-stained duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and similarly colon site, FF markedly increased relative mucus output and goblet cells while decreasing epithelial cell apoptosis. Following 16S sequencing data indicated that the intestinal microbiota was altered and the diversity and richness of gut microbes was greatly enhanced by FF. Particularly, the boost of core probiotics, such as Rothia of duodenum, Limosilactobacillus and Lentilactobacillus of jejunum, Lactococcus and Rothia of ileum, Ligilactobacillus and Entocuccus of similarly colon site, Gallibacterium of caecum. And reduced potentially pathogenic bacteria (Campylobacter, Prevotellaceae, Clostridia-vadinBB60, and Oscillospira). Nontargeted metabolomics assay for intestinal content confirmed an increased organic acids (oxidanesulfonic acid, cholic acid, gallic acid, coumaric acid, pipecollc acid, 13s-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) and glycosides metabolites (5-hydroxydantrolene, 3-hydroxyguanfacine glucuronide, acetylleucine, astragalin, xanthosine, taxiphylin, sinapine, denudatine, penylalanyl-tyrosine and phenylalanyl-valine). These findings demonstrated that FF, a viable option to improve Muscovy duck growth performance through reconstructed intestinal morphology, microorganisms, and metabolism, subsequently promoted the gut health and increased diet digestion and absorption. The study that is being presented offers scientific proof that FF might be a useful strategy for improving Muscovy duck growth performance.

Different dosage regimens of zuranolone in the treatment of major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of different dosage regimens of zuranolone in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other databases were searched from inception until July 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the efficacy and safety of zuranolone in the treatment of MDD were included. The data were extracted independently by 2 investigators and assessed the study quality by the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The primary outcome includes the 17-item HAMILTON total score (HAMD-17) and the incidence of adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Six high-quality RCTs with 1593 patients were finally included in our analysis. Zuranolone group achieve a notable treatment effect at day15 in HAMD-17 compared with placebo group (MD = -2.69, 95 % CI: -4.45 to -0.94, P < 0.05). For safety, no significant differences existed in the proportion of patients with AEs between zuranolone with placebo (RR = 1.25, 95 % CI: 0.99 to 1.58, P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Zuranolone has a significant efficacy in improving depressive symptoms in the short term and is positively correlated with the dosage administered. However, the efficacy of zuranolone decreased significantly when the time of administration was extended. Zuranolone demonstrated a controllable safety issue. But adverse effects increased as the dose of zuranolone was gradually increased to 50 mg.

Prognostic analysis of high-flow nasal cannula therapy and non-invasive ventilation in mild to moderate hypoxemia patients and construction of a machine learning model for 48-h intubation prediction-a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC database.

Background: This study aims to investigate the clinical outcome between high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) therapy in mild to moderate hypoxemic patients on the first ICU day and to develop a predictive model of 48-h intubation. Methods: The study included adult patients from the MIMIC III and IV databases who first initiated HFNC or NIV therapy due to mild to moderate hypoxemia (100 < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300). The 48-h and 30-day intubation rates were compared using cross-sectional and survival analysis. Nine machine learning and six ensemble algorithms were deployed to construct the 48-h intubation predictive models, of which the optimal model was determined by its prediction accuracy. The top 10 risk and protective factors were identified using the Shapley interpretation algorithm. Result: A total of 123,042 patients were screened, of which, 673 were from the MIMIC IV database for ventilation therapy comparison (HFNC n = 363, NIV n = 310) and 48-h intubation predictive model construction (training dataset n = 471, internal validation set n = 202) and 408 were from the MIMIC III database for external validation. The NIV group had a lower intubation rate (23.1% vs. 16.1%, p = 0.001), ICU 28-day mortality (18.5% vs. 11.6%, p = 0.014), and in-hospital mortality (19.6% vs. 11.9%, p = 0.007) compared to the HFNC group. Survival analysis showed that the total and 48-h intubation rates were not significantly different. The ensemble AdaBoost decision tree model (internal and external validation set AUROC 0.878, 0.726) had the best predictive accuracy performance. The model Shapley algorithm showed Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), acute physiology scores (APSIII), the minimum and maximum lactate value as risk factors for early failure and age, the maximum PaCO2 and PH value, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the minimum PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and PaO2 value as protective factors. Conclusion: NIV was associated with lower intubation rate and ICU 28-day and in-hospital mortality. Further survival analysis reinforced that the effect of NIV on the intubation rate might partly be attributed to the other impact factors. The ensemble AdaBoost decision tree model may assist clinicians in making clinical decisions, and early organ function support to improve patients' SOFA, APSIII, GCS, PaCO2, PaO2, PH, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and lactate values can reduce the early failure rate and improve patient prognosis.

Analgesic efficacy of an opioid-free postoperative pain management strategy versus a conventional opioid-based strategy following laparoscopic radical gastrectomy: an open-label, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial.

OBJECTIVE: In patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy, the use of subcostal transversus abdominis plane block (STAPB) for completely opioid-free postoperative pain management lacks convincing clinical evidence. METHODS: This study included 112 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical gastrectomy at the 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force from October 2020 to March 2022. Patients were randomly divided into (1:1) continuous opioid-free STAPB (C-STAPB) group and conventional group. In the C-STAPB group, 0.2% ropivacaine (bilateral, 20 ml per side) was injected intermittently every 12 h through a catheter placed on the transverse abdominis plane for postoperative pain management. The conventional group was treated with a conventional intravenous opioid pump (2.5 µg/kg sufentanil and 10 mg tropisetron, diluted to 100 ml with 0.9% NS). The primary outcomes were the accumulative area under the curve of the numeric rating scale (NRS) score at 24 and 48 h postoperatively at rest and during movement. The secondary outcomes were postoperative recovery outcomes, postoperative daily food intake, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: After exclusion (n = 16), a total of 96 patients (C-STAPB group, n = 46; conventional group, n = 49) were included. We found there were no significant differences in the cumulative AUC of NRS score PACU-24 h and PACU-48 h between the C-STAPB group and conventional group at rest [(mean difference, 1.38; 95% CI, - 2.21 to 4.98, P = 0.447), (mean difference, 1.22; 95% CI, - 6.20 to 8.65, P = 0.744)] and at movement [(mean difference, 2.90; 95% CI, - 3.65 to 9.46; P = 0.382), (mean difference, 4.32; 95% CI, - 4.46 to 13.1; P = 0.331)]. The 95% CI upper bound of the difference between rest and movement in the C-STAPB group was less than the inferior margin value (9.5 and 14 points), indicating the non-inferiority of the analgesic effect of C-STPAB. The C-STAPB group had faster postoperative recovery profiles including earlier bowel movement, defecation, more volume of food intake postoperative, and lower postoperative nausea and vomiting compared to conventional groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After laparoscopic radical gastrectomy, the analgesic effect of C-STAPBP is not inferior to the traditional opioid-based pain management model. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2100051784.

Achieving High Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Capacity in a Surface Chemical Grafting Layer of Plateau-type Sodium Titanate.

The plateau-type sodium titanate with suitable sodiation potential is a promising anode candidate for high safe and high energy density of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the poor initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and cyclic instability of sodium titanate are attributed to the unstable interfacial structure along with the decomposition of electrolytes, resulting in the continuous formation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. To address this issue, a chemical grafting method is developed to fabricate a highly stable interface layer of inert Al2 O3 on the sodium titanate anode, rendering the high ICE and excellent cycling stability. Based on theoretical calculations, NaPF6 are more likely adsorption on the Al2 O3 surface and produce sodium fluoride. The formation of a thin and dense SEI film with rich sodium fluoride achieves the low interfacial resistances and charge-transfer resistances. Benefitting from our design, the obtained sodium titanate exhibits a high ICE from 67.7 % to 79.4 % and an enhanced reversible capacity from 151 mAh g-1 to 181 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 , along with an increase in capacity retention from 56.5 % to 80.6 % after 500 cycles. This work heralds a promising paradigm for rational regulation of interfacial stability to achieve high-performance anodes for SIBs.

RNAi-Mediated Suppression of OsBBTI5 Promotes Salt Stress Tolerance in Rice.

This study explores the impact of RNAi in terms of selectively inhibiting the expression of the OsBBTI5 gene, with the primary objective of uncovering its involvement in the molecular mechanisms associated with salt tolerance in rice. OsBBTI5, belonging to the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) family gene, is known for its involvement in plant stress responses. The gene was successfully cloned from rice, exhibiting transcriptional self-activation in yeast. A yeast two-hybrid assay confirmed its specific binding to OsAPX2 (an ascorbate peroxidase gene). Transgenic OsBBTI5-RNAi plants displayed insensitivity to varying concentrations of 24-epibrassinolide in the brassinosteroid sensitivity assay. However, they showed reduced root and plant height at high concentrations (10 and 100 µM) of GA3 immersion. Enzyme activity assays revealed increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content under 40-60 mM NaCl. Transcriptomic analysis indicated a significant upregulation of photosynthesis-related genes in transgenic plants under salt stress compared to the wild type. Notably, this study provides novel insights, suggesting that the BBI gene is part of the BR signaling pathway, and that OsBBTI5 potentially enhances stress tolerance in transgenic plants through interaction with the salt stress-related gene OsAPX2.

Lactobacillus plantarum supernatant inhibits growth of Riemerella anatipestifer and mediates intestinal antimicrobial defense in Muscovy ducks.

Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) is an important pathogen of waterfowl, with multiple serotypes and a lack of cross-protection between each serotype, which leads to the continued widespread in the world and causing significant economic losses to the duck industry. Thus, prevention and inhibition of RA infection are of great concern. Previous research has established that Lactobacillus plantarum supernatant (LPS) can prevents the pathogenic bacteria infection. However, LPS whether inhibits RA and underlying mechanisms have not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of LPS-ZG7 against RA infection in Muscovy ducks. The results demonstrated that LPS-ZG7 prevented RA growth in the presence of pH-neutralized, and the inhibition was relatively stable and unaffected by heat, acid-base and ultraviolet light (UV). Following flow cytometry data found that LPS-ZG7 increased RA membrane permeability and leakage of intracellular molecules. And scanning electron microscopy revealed LPS-ZG7 damaged the RA membrane integrity and leading to RA death. Furthermore, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis represented that LPS-ZG7 upregulated mucosal tight junction proteins occludin, claudin-1, and Zo-1 in Muscovy ducks, and increasing mucosal transport channels SGLT-1, PepT1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP10 in duodenum, jejunum, and colon, then decreased the intestinal permeability and intestinal barrier disruption which were caused from RA. From the data, it is apparent that LPS-ZG7 enhanced intestinal mucosal integrity by rising villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio and lower crypt depth. LPS-ZG7 significantly decreased intestinal epithelia cells apoptosis caused by RA invasion, and enhanced intestinal permeability and contribute to barrier dysfunction, ultimately improving intestinal health of host, indirectly leading to reduce diarrhea rate and mortality caused by RA. Overall, this study strengthens the idea that LPS-ZG7 directly inhibited the RA growth by increased RA membrane permeability and damaged the RA membrane integrity, and then indirectly enhanced intestinal mucosal integrity, improved intestinal health of host and mediated intestinal antimicrobial defense.

Unlocking the Potential of Carbon Quantum Dots for Cell Imaging, Intracellular Localization, and Gene Expression Control in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.

Utilizing carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as biomaterials for delivering small substances has gained significant attention in recent research. However, the interactions and mechanisms of action of CQDs on plants have received relatively little focus. Herein, we investigated the transportation of CQDs into various organs of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. via the vessel system, leading to the epigenetic inheritance of Argonaute family genes. Our findings reveal that CQDs may interact with microRNAs (miRNAs), leading to the repression of post-transcriptional regulation of target genes in the cytoplasm. Transcriptome and quantitative PCR analyses demonstrated consistent gene expression levels in offspring. Moreover, microscopic observations illustrated rapid CQD localization on cell membranes and nuclei, with increased nuclear entry at higher concentrations. Notably, our study identified an alternative regulatory microRNA, microRNA172D, for the Argonaute family genes through methylation analysis, shedding light on the connection between CQDs and microRNAs.

A review of novel research technology to explore the mystery of traditional Chinese medicine: Terahertz.

During the 2022 Annual National Terahertz Biophysics Conference, the hypothesis was proposed that bio frequency electromagnetic fields sensitive points, akin to acupuncture points, exist in the human body. This development has prompted numerous researchers to apply terahertz technology to the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In recent years, terahertz technology has achieved notable progress in the field of TCM, particularly concerning the meridian-collateral system. This review systematically presents the advancements in terahertz technology and its implications on TCM theory from a biophysical perspective. Additionally, it summarizes the utilization of terahertz waves in elucidating aspects of TCM, particularly focusing on the scientific connotation of Qi, the theoretical foundation of the meridian-collateral system, and moxibustion in diagnosing and treating diseases. We aimed to explore the innovative applications and distinct advantages of terahertz technology in TCM and its feasibility as a pioneering technological tool for the modernization of TCM.

Fast and High-Efficiency Synthesis of Capsanthin in Pepper by Transient Expression of Geminivirus.

The color of the chili fruit is an important factor that determines the quality of the chili, as red chilies are more popular among consumers. The accumulation of capsanthin is the main cause of reddening of the chili fruit. Capsanthin is an important metabolite in carotenoid metabolism, and its production level is closely linked to the expression of the genes for capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CCS) and carotenoid hydroxylase (CrtZ). We reported for the first time that the synthesis of capsanthin in chili was enhanced by using a geminivirus (Bean Yellow Dwarf Virus). By expressing heterologous ß-carotenoid hydroxylase (CrtZ) and ß-carotenoid ketolase (CrtW) using codon optimization, the transcription level of the CCS gene and endogenous CrtZ was directly increased. This leads to the accumulation of a huge amount of capsanthin in a very short period of time. Our results provide a platform for the rapid enhancement of endogenous CCS activity and capsanthin production using geminivirus in plants.

Transcriptome Insights into Candidate Genes of the SWEET Family and Carotenoid Biosynthesis during Fruit Growth and Development in Prunus salicina 'Huangguan'.

The Chinese plum (Prunus salicina L.) is a fruit tree belonging to the Rosaceae family, native to south-eastern China and widely cultivated throughout the world. Fruit sugar metabolism and color change is an important physiological behavior that directly determines flavor and aroma. Our study analyzed six stages of fruit growth and development using RNA-seq, yielding a total of 14,973 DEGs, and further evaluation of key DEGs revealed a focus on sugar metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. Using GO and KEGG to enrich differential genes in the pathway, we selected 107 differential genes and obtained 49 significant differential genes related to glucose metabolism. The results of the correlation analyses indicated that two genes of the SWEET family, evm.TU.Chr1.3663 (PsSWEET9) and evm.TU.Chr4.676 (PsSWEET2), could be closely related to the composition of soluble sugars, which was also confirmed in the ethylene treatment experiments. In addition, analysis of the TOP 20 pathways between different growth stages and the green stage, as well as transient overexpression in chili, suggested that capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (PsCCS) of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway contributed to the color change of plum fruit. These findings provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the ripening and color change of plum fruit.

Factors influencing the spatiotemporal variation in the value of ecosystem services in Anxi county.

Understanding the value of ecosystem services is imperative for the welfare of current and future generations. Anxi town is situated within the mountainous terrain of Fujian province, China and characterized by a diverse range of ecosystems encompassing forests, rivers, and mountains. These ecosystems offer a wide range of ecosystem services. The value of ecosystem services has been declining in the county for the past twenty-years. However, limited is known on the spatial changes and factors affecting the value of these Therefore, current study assessed the spatial changes in the value of ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural) in 24 townships situated in the county for three time periods, i.e., 1999, 2009, and 2019 and factors affecting these services. The results revealed that annual decline in the value of ecosystem services was higher in 1999-2009 than 2009-2019. Longjuan, Xianghua, Gande, Futian, Changkeng, Xiping, Taozhou and Huqiu townships observed the highest annual decline in the value of ecosystem services ranging from 20.1 to 68.1 million yuan. The GWR model indicated that vegetation index had the highest impact on the value of ecosystem services in the county. Overall, the value of ecosystem services was negatively correlated with the urbanization rate and distance from the road with some exceptions, whereas altitude had a positive impact. All townships (except Xianghua, Futian, and Taozhou) had negative values for water supply services. Hence, water supply is a significant ecological issue in the county. It is concluded that tea farmers in the county should be educated about water and soil conservation, investment should be done in conservation measures, regional ecological environments should be protected, and ecological tea planting techniques should be developed in the county to halt further decrease in the value of ecosystem services.

An extensive benchmark study on biomedical text generation and mining with ChatGPT.

MOTIVATION: In recent years, the development of natural language process (NLP) technologies and deep learning hardware has led to significant improvement in large language models (LLMs). The ChatGPT, the state-of-the-art LLM built on GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, shows excellent capabilities in general language understanding and reasoning. Researchers also tested the GPTs on a variety of NLP-related tasks and benchmarks and got excellent results. With exciting performance on daily chat, researchers began to explore the capacity of ChatGPT on expertise that requires professional education for human and we are interested in the biomedical domain. RESULTS: To evaluate the performance of ChatGPT on biomedical-related tasks, this article presents a comprehensive benchmark study on the use of ChatGPT for biomedical corpus, including article abstracts, clinical trials description, biomedical questions, and so on. Typical NLP tasks like named entity recognization, relation extraction, sentence similarity, question and answering, and document classification are included. Overall, ChatGPT got a BLURB score of 58.50 while the state-of-the-art model had a score of 84.30. Through a series of experiments, we demonstrated the effectiveness and versatility of ChatGPT in biomedical text understanding, reasoning and generation, and the limitation of ChatGPT build on GPT-3.5. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: All the datasets are available from BLURB benchmark https://microsoft.github.io/BLURB/index.html. The prompts are described in the article.

Prognosis of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in stage I colorectal adenocarcinoma and development of a prediction model: a retrospective study based on the SEER database.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the prognostic significance of preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) status in stage I colorectal classical adenocarcinoma (CCA) and mucinous adenocarcinoma (MUC), and to construct a nomogram model of stage I CCA. METHODS: The SEER database was used to collect 14,226 patients diagnosed with stage I colorectal adenocarcinoma (CA) from 2010 to 2015. The prognostic significance of preoperative CEA status in stage I CA and MUC was examined by propensity-matching score (PSM). We analyzed the factors affecting the prognosis of patients with stage I CCA, and constructed and verified the prognostic model. RESULTS: After PSM, the cancer-specific survival rate (CCS) of CEA-positive patients in stage T1 and T2 CCA was significantly lower than that of CEA-negative patients in stage T1 and T2 [HR = 0.37 (0.29-0.48), P < 0.001], [HR = 0.52 (0.41-0.65), P < 0.001]. However, there was no significant difference in CSS between CEA-positive and CEA-negative patients in T1 and T2 MUC [HR = 0.58 (0.43-0.79), P = 0.096], [HR = 0.76 (0.36-1.62), P = 0.477]. A nomogram was constructed based on the results of the multivariate COX regression model. Based on the AUC of ROC analysis, calibration plot and decision curve analysis (DCA), we concluded that the risk and prognosis model of CCA showed excellent performance. CONCLUSION: Elevated CEA is a risk factor for stage I CCA, but not for MUC. And the nomogram is accurate enough to predict the risk and prognostic factors of CCA.

Epigenetic silencing of callose synthase by VIL1 promotes bud-growth transition in lily bulbs.

In plants, restoring intercellular communication is required for cell activity in buds during the growth transition from slow to fast growth after dormancy release. However, the epigenetic regulation of this phenomenon is far from understood. Here we demonstrate that lily VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 1 (LoVIL1) confers growth transition by mediating plasmodesmata opening via epigenetic repression of CALLOSE SYNTHASE 3 (LoCALS3). Moreover, we found that a novel transcription factor, NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, SUBUNIT A7 (LoNFYA7), is capable of recruiting the LoVIL1-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) and enhancing H3K27me3 at the LoCALS3 locus by recognizing the CCAAT cis-element (Cce) of its promoter. The LoNFYA7-LoVIL1 module serves as a key player in orchestrating the phase transition from slow to fast growth in lily bulbs. These studies also indicate that LoVIL1 is a suitable marker for the bud-growth-transition trait following dormancy release in lily cultivars.

The accuracy of simplified calculation of mechanical power: a simulation study.

Background: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is an important life-saving method in the intensive care unit (ICU). A lower mechanical power (MP) is associated with a better MV strategy. However, traditional MP calculating methods are complicated, and algebraic formulas seem to be rather practical. The aim of the present study was to compare the accuracy and application of different algebraic formulas calculating MP. Methods: A lung simulator, TestChest, was used to simulate pulmonary compliance variations. Using the TestChest system software, the parameters, including compliance and airway resistance, were set to simulate various acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) lungs. Ventilator was also set to volume- and pressure-controlled modes with various parameter values (respiratory rate, RR, time of inspiration, Tinsp, positive end-expiratory pressure, PEEP) to ventilate the simulated lung of ARDS (with various respiratory system compliance, Crs). For the lung simulator, resistance of airway (Raw) was fixed to 5 cmH2O/L/s. Crs below lower inflation point (LIP) or above upper inflation point (UIP) was set to 10 mL/cmH2O. The reference standard geometric method was calculated offline with a customized software. Three algebraic formulas for volume-controlled and three for pressure-controlled were used to calculate MP. Results: The performances of the formulas were different, although the derived MP were significantly correlated with that derived from the reference method (R2>0.80, P<0.001). Under volume-controlled ventilation, medians of MP calculated with one equation was significantly lower than that with the reference method (P<0.001). Under pressure-controlled ventilation, median of MP calculated with two equations were significantly higher (P<0.001). The maximum difference was over 70% of the MP value calculated with the reference method. Conclusions: The algebraic formulas may introduce considerably large bias under the presented lung conditions, especially in moderate to severe ARDS. Cautious is required when selecting adequate algebraic formulas to calculate MP based on the formula's premises, ventilation mode, and patients' status. In clinical practice, the trend rather than the value of MP calculated by formulas should require more attention.